Le Ghana franchit un pas historique en validant une loi anti-LGBT+, considérée comme l’une des plus strictes en Afrique. Le 18 décembre 2024, la Cour suprême a rejeté deux recours déposés contre ce texte. Cette décision ouvre la voie à sa promulgation par le président Nana Akufo-Addo et son successeur John Mahama, élu à la présidence le 7 décembre.
Une loi répressive
Adoptée en février 2024 par le Parlement, cette loi intitulée « droits sexuels et valeurs familiales » impose des peines sévères :
- Jusqu’à trois ans de prison pour les relations homosexuelles.
- Entre trois et cinq ans pour la « promotion, le parrainage ou le soutien d’activités LGBT+ ».
Le texte, soumis au Parlement en 2021, avait vu son vote repoussé à plusieurs reprises.
Un contexte conservateur
Au Ghana, un pays majoritairement chrétien et profondément religieux, les relations entre personnes de même sexe sont interdites depuis l’époque coloniale, bien que peu de poursuites aient été engagées jusqu’à présent. Cependant, la communauté LGBT+ y subit régulièrement des discriminations.
Réactions mitigées
Les partisans du texte, comme Yaw Biney, avocat, et le révérend Emmanuel Asare, y voient une victoire pour les valeurs ghanéennes. Ils estiment que cette loi protégera les enfants des « influences contraires aux valeurs culturelles et religieuses ».
En revanche, les défenseurs des droits humains, comme la professeure Takyiwaa Manuh et l’activiste Esi Bonsu, dénoncent un « message glaçant ». Ils craignent une augmentation des discriminations et une marginalisation accrue des personnes LGBT+.
Pressions internationales
Cette loi suscite une vive opposition à l’international. L’ONU, les États-Unis et plusieurs autres pays ont exprimé leur inquiétude. Vedant Patel, porte-parole du département d’État américain, a rappelé que personne ne devrait être « ciblé ou marginalisé pour ce qu’il est ».
Risques économiques
La promulgation de cette loi pourrait avoir des répercussions économiques majeures pour le Ghana, qui traverse l’une de ses pires crises économiques.
- Le ministère des Finances ghanéen craint une perte de près de 3,8 milliards de dollars de financements de la Banque mondiale.
- Cette situation rappelle celle de l’Ouganda, qui a perdu tout nouveau prêt de la Banque mondiale en 2023 après l’adoption d’une loi similaire.
Prochaines étapes
Le président Akufo-Addo, en poste jusqu’au 7 janvier 2025, a déclaré attendre le verdict de la Cour avant de promulguer la loi. Son successeur, John Mahama, a affiché son soutien à ce texte pendant sa campagne.
Cette loi marque un tournant pour le Ghana, mais pose des questions cruciales sur les droits humains et les conséquences économiques à venir.
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